Older adult Cubans moving to the Canary Islands (Spain): Migrants' strategies in later life.

The research on migration to Spain of Cuban citizens in later life proposes to overcome the lack of academic knowledge from these analytical perspectives: migrations of older adult people beyond the issue of lifestyle mobility; the transnational diasporic nexus favoring migrations; and the Cuban community residing abroad, outside the United States of America. The combination of these elements in this case study shows the agency of older adult Cuban citizens who move to the Canary Islands, trying to achieve a greater level of material well-being and taking advantage of the diasporic ties between the Canary Islands and Cuba; but this is a process that brings out, simultaneously, feelings of dislocation and nostalgia in the stage of old age. The development of a mixed methodology and the focus on the life course of migrants offer an opportunity to reflect on the cultural and social construction of ageing in migration studies. Consequently, this research allows a deepening of knowledge on human mobility from the perspective of ageing in a counter-diasporic migration, showing the relationship between emigration and life cycle and demonstrating the strength and spirit of achievement of those individuals who decide to emigrate despite their advanced age.

Safety and Effectiveness of a Single Multiallergen Subcutaneous Immunotherapy in Polyallergic Patients.

BACKGROUND: As the number of allergic sensitizations increases the severity of allergic respiratory diseases worsens. Multiple monoallergen immunotherapy can be accompanied by poor treatment adherence and high costs, single multiallergen immunotherapy needs to prove efficacy whilst maintaining a good safety profile. METHODS: Observational, retrospective, multicenter study using a 2-pollen single undiluted multiallergen subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in routine clinical practice in Spain. Patients with rhinoconjunctivitis, with/without controlled asthma, sensitized to grass, olive, Parietaria, Cupressus, plane tree and/or Salsola pollen were included. Primary and secondary clinical efficacy endpoints were quality of life (mini Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (miniRQLQ)) and visual analogue scale (VAS) respectively. All adverse events were documented. RESULTS: Ten centers included 97 patients, median age 32 years. SCIT treatment included combinations of grass mix with olive, Parietaria, Cupressus, plane tree or Salsola or olive with Parietaria, Cupressus or Salsola. The mean duration of SCIT was 1.8 years with a high treatment adherence (73%). Significant improvement in quality of life, nasal and ocular symptoms, activity limitations and practical problems (p< 0.0001) and other symptoms (p= 0.024) was observed. Most patients did not develop asthma-like symptoms and a significant improvement of all allergic symptom severity was perceived. VAS showed a significant improvement in rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma by patients and physicians. Twenty-nine patients experienced adverse reactions, 25 had local and 6 had systemic reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Single undiluted multiallergen SCIT treatment of two different pollens is efficacious and safe in both children and adults, showing that it is a suitable option for the treatment of polyallergic patients.

Qué no se debe hacer en el manejo terapéutico del asma bronquial. Recomendaciones por consenso Delphi para los médicos que tratan el asma / What not to do in the therapeutic management of bronchial asthma. Delphi consensus recommendations for physicians who treat asthma

El asma es una de las enfermedades más prevalentes en España y, a pesar de los grandes avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos, los resultados en salud indican que hasta el 80% de los pacientes no tendrían su asma bien controlada. Aunque las causas de esta situación son diversas, existen algunas prácticas entre los profesionales que atienden el asma que no contribuyen a la mejora de los resultados en salud de esta enfermedad. Nuestro grupo de trabajo ha elaborado este documento para recordar una serie de pautas básicas, alineadas con las guías actuales y la literatura reciente, y consensuadas mediante metodología Delphi por un panel experto multidisciplinar. Estas recomendaciones sobre quéno se debe hacer en el manejo del asma en el adulto quedan articuladas en 4 ámbitos: el diagnóstico, el seguimiento, el tratamiento y la prevención de exacerbaciones.(AU)

Asthma is one of the most prevalent diseases in Spain, yet despite the great diagnostic and therapeutic advances made in this field, health outcomes suggest that up to 80% of patients do not have their asthma well controlled. Although the causes of this situation are diverse, there are some practices among the professionals who treat asthma that are not conducive to improving health outcomes in this disease. Our working group has prepared this document in order to remind clinicians of a series of basic guidelines, aligned with current guidelines and recent literature, and agreed by a multidisciplinary expert panel using Delphi methodology. These recommendations about what not to do in the management of asthma in the adult patient are structured into four areas: diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and prevention of exacerbations.(AU)

[What not to do in the therapeutic management of bronchial asthma. Delphi consensus recommendations for physicians who treat asthma]. / Qué no se debe hacer en el manejo terapéutico del asma bronquial. Recomendaciones por consenso Delphi para los médicos que tratan el asma.

Asthma is one of the most prevalent diseases in Spain, yet despite the great diagnostic and therapeutic advances made in this field, health outcomes suggest that up to 80% of patients do not have their asthma well controlled. Although the causes of this situation are diverse, there are some practices among the professionals who treat asthma that are not conducive to improving health outcomes in this disease. Our working group has prepared this document in order to remind clinicians of a series of basic guidelines, aligned with current guidelines and recent literature, and agreed by a multidisciplinary expert panel using Delphi methodology. These recommendations about what not to do in the management of asthma in the adult patient are structured into four areas: diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and prevention of exacerbations.

Complications of Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheters: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The use of venous catheters is a widespread practice, especially in oncological and oncohematological units. The objective of this study was to evaluate the complications associated with peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in a cohort of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we included all patient carrying PICCs (n = 603) inserted at our institute between October 2010 and December 2013. The main variables collected were medical diagnosis, catheter care, location, duration of catheterization, reasons for catheter removal, complications, and nursing care. Complications were classified as infection, thrombosis, phlebitis, migration, edema, and/or ecchymosis. RESULTS: All patients were treated according to the same "nursing care" protocol. The incidence rate of complications was two cases per 1000 days of catheter duration. The most relevant complications were infection and thrombosis, both with an incidence of 0.17 cases per 1000 days of the total catheterization period. The total average duration of catheterization was 170 days [SD 6.06]. Additionally to "end of treatment" (48.42%) and "exitus", (22.53%) the most frequent cause of removal was migration (displacement towards the exterior) of the catheter (5.80%). CONCLUSIONS: PICCs are safe devices that allow the administration of long-term treatment and preserve the integrity of the venous system of the patient. Proper care of the catheter is very important to improve the quality life of patients with oncologic and hematologic conditions. Therefore, correct training of professionals and patients as well as following the latest scientific recommendations are particularly relevant.

Quality of life in patients with food allergy.

Food allergy has increased in developed countries and can have a dramatic effect on quality of life, so as to provoke fatal reactions. We aimed to outline the socioeconomic impact that food allergy exerts in this kind of patients by performing a complete review of the literature and also describing the factors that may influence, to a greater extent, the quality of life of patients with food allergy and analyzing the different questionnaires available. Hitherto, strict avoidance of the culprit food(s) and use of emergency medications are the pillars to manage this condition. Promising approaches such as specific oral or epicutaneous immunotherapy and the use of monoclonal antibodies are progressively being investigated worldwide. However, even that an increasing number of centers fulfill those approaches, they are not fully implemented enough in clinical practice. The mean annual cost of health care has been estimated in international dollars (I$) 2016 for food-allergic adults and I$1089 for controls, a difference of I$927 (95 % confidence interval I$324-I$1530). A similar result was found for adults in each country, and for children, and interestingly, it was not sensitive to baseline demographic differences. Cost was significantly related to severity of illness in cases in nine countries. The constant threat of exposure, need for vigilance and expectation of outcome can have a tremendous impact on quality of life. Several studies have analyzed the impact of food allergy on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in adults and children in different countries. There have been described different factors that could modify HRQL in food allergic patients, the most important of them are perceived disease severity, age of the patient, peanut or soy allergy, country of origin and having allergy to two or more foods. Over the last few years, several different specific Quality of Life questionnaires for food allergic patients have been developed and translated to different languages and cultures. It is important to perform lingual and cultural translations of existent questionnaires in order to ensure its suitability in a specific region or country with its own socioeconomic reality and culture. Tools aimed at assessing the impact of food allergy on HRQL should be always part of the diagnostic work up, in order to provide a complete basal assessment, to highlight target of intervention as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed to cure food allergy. HRQL may be the only meaningful outcome measure available for food allergy measuring this continuous burden.

Abnormal chemokine receptor profile on circulating T lymphocytes from nonallergic asthma patients.

BACKGROUND: T lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of nonallergic asthma. The objective of this study was to characterize the subset distribution and pattern of chemokine receptor expression in circulating T lymphocyte subsets from nonallergic asthma patients. METHODS: Forty stable nonallergic asthma patients and 16 sex- and age-matched healthy donors were studied. Twelve patients did not receive inhaled steroids (untreated patients), 16 received 50-500 µg b.i.d. of inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP) (standard-dose patients), and 12 received over 500 µg b.i.d. of inhaled FP (high-dose patients) for at least 12 months prior to the beginning of this study and were clinically well controlled. Flow cytometry was performed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (4 colors). RESULTS: Nonallergic asthma patients treated with high doses of inhaled FP showed a significant reduction in the percentages of CD3+ T lymphocytes compared to healthy controls. Untreated patients showed a significant increase in CCR6 expression in CD8+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+bright T cells compared to healthy controls. The results were similar for CXCR3 and CCR5 expression. In patients treated with standard doses of FP, CCR5 expression was significantly increased in CD3+ T lymphocytes relative to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: The different groups of clinically stable nonallergic asthmatic patients showed distinct patterns of alterations in subset distribution as well as CCR6, CXCR3, and CCR5 expression on circulating T lymphocytes. .

El enfoque espacio-temporal-contextual en el estudio del VIH-SIDA / Contextual, spatial and time approach to the HIV/AIDS study

La epidemia de VIH/SIDA presenta muchos elementos de interés para ser abordados bajo un enfoque del sistema contexto-espacio-temporal. En este trabajo se despliega una serie de recursos analíticos para permitir "otra mirada" sobre este problema. Mostrar la difusión del VIH/SIDA utilizando diversos niveles de acercamiento espacial e intentando incorporar el contexto en cada nivel, así como otras variables de interés. Se estudió el universo de casos de VIH-SIDA ocurridos en Cuba en toda la historia de la enfermedad, lo que abarcó un período de 1986 a 2004, con énfasis en los aspectos espaciales (ubicación del caso), temporales (fecha de diagnóstico) y contextuales (factores del ambiente socio-económico) a diferentes niveles de aproximación espacial. Los métodos utilizados incluyeron técnicas de clasificación multivariante (clusters jerárquicos), técnicas de detección de conglomerados de casos y regresión. Se esclarecieron mecanismos de difusión de la epidemia y determinantes de esta difusión, relacionándolos con aspectos como distancia al foco emisor primario, condiciones socio-ambientales y vialidad, esclareciéndose mecanismos de contagio espacial. Los resultados muestran que es posible pronosticar las formas de difusión espacial de la epidemia y esta capacidad es importante en el momento de decidir acciones para su prevención y control(AU)

HIV/AIDS epidemics presents with many interesting elements to be addressed using the contextual, spatial and time system approach. This paper showed a series of analytical resources that allows "taking another look" on this problem. To show the HIV/AIDS spread using several levels of spatial approach and incorporating the context at each level as well as other variables of interest. The universe of all HIV/AIDS cases occurred in Cuba from 1986 to 2004 was studied, with emphasis on spatial aspects (case location), time aspects (date of diagnosis) and contextual aspects (social and economic factors) at different levels of spatial approach. The methods included multivariate classification techniques (hierarchical clusters) and case cluster detection and regression techniques. Results Mechanisms of the epidemics spread and its determinants were clarified, relating them to factors such as distance from the primary focus of transmission, social and environmental conditions and viability. Also mechanisms of spatial contagion were submitted. The results proved that it is possible to forecast the forms of spatial spread of the epidemics and this capability is important for prevention and control actions(AU)

El enfoque espacio-temporal-contextual en el estudio del VIH-SIDA / Contextual, spatial and time approach to the HIV/AIDS study

La epidemia de VIH/SIDA presenta muchos elementos de interés para ser abordados bajo un enfoque del sistema contexto-espacio-temporal. En este trabajo se despliega una serie de recursos analíticos para permitir "otra mirada" sobre este problema. Mostrar la difusión del VIH/SIDA utilizando diversos niveles de acercamiento espacial e intentando incorporar el contexto en cada nivel, así como otras variables de interés. Se estudió el universo de casos de VIH-SIDA ocurridos en Cuba en toda la historia de la enfermedad, lo que abarcó un período de 1986 a 2004, con énfasis en los aspectos espaciales (ubicación del caso), temporales (fecha de diagnóstico) y contextuales (factores del ambiente socio-económico) a diferentes niveles de aproximación espacial. Los métodos utilizados incluyeron técnicas de clasificación multivariante (clusters jerárquicos), técnicas de detección de conglomerados de casos y regresión. Se esclarecieron mecanismos de difusión de la epidemia y determinantes de esta difusión, relacionándolos con aspectos como distancia al foco emisor primario, condiciones socio-ambientales y vialidad, esclareciéndose mecanismos de contagio espacial. Los resultados muestran que es posible pronosticar las formas de difusión espacial de la epidemia y esta capacidad es importante en el momento de decidir acciones para su prevención y control.

HIV/AIDS epidemics presents with many interesting elements to be addressed using the contextual, spatial and time system approach. This paper showed a series of analytical resources that allows "taking another look" on this problem. To show the HIV/AIDS spread using several levels of spatial approach and incorporating the context at each level as well as other variables of interest. The universe of all HIV/AIDS cases occurred in Cuba from 1986 to 2004 was studied, with emphasis on spatial aspects (case location), time aspects (date of diagnosis) and contextual aspects (social and economic factors) at different levels of spatial approach. The methods included multivariate classification techniques (hierarchical clusters) and case cluster detection and regression techniques. Results Mechanisms of the epidemics spread and its determinants were clarified, relating them to factors such as distance from the primary focus of transmission, social and environmental conditions and viability. Also mechanisms of spatial contagion were submitted. The results proved that it is possible to forecast the forms of spatial spread of the epidemics and this capability is important for prevention and control actions.

La clasificación multivariante de áreas geográficas como una alternativa útil a la investigación salubrista / Multivariate classification of geographic areas as a useful alternative for public health research

Se ejemplifica el uso de técnicas jerárquicas de aglomeración mediante similaridades multivariadas y su utilidad para correlacionar y explicar estadísticas de daño a la salud, como una herramienta útil a los propósitos de la investigación salubrista involucrando al espacio. Identificar constructos multivariantes contextuales en unidades geográficas y relacionarlos con daños a la salud. Se realizó una clasificación multivariante de los 169 municipios cubanos utilizando técnicas de conglomerados jerárquicos no supervisados. Los ejes analíticos fueron: demográfico, económico y condiciones de vida. Se utilizaron además técnicas de correlación y regresión con indicadores de daño. Se caracterizaron 4 estratos multivariados y se comprobó el efectivo carácter ordinal que presentan respecto a la respuesta de daño en relación con la morbilidad y mortalidad de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (7 de 11 indicadores), y morbilidad por enfermedades transmisibles (2 de 8 indicadores). Los indicadores del PAMI mostraron independencia de los estratos construidos. La metodología utilizada permite discernir una estructura contextual útil para explicar la distribución de eventos de daño estudiados y aún explicar aquellos que por haber cerrado brechas a través de las acciones de programas, resultan independientes de esa estructura contextual. El tratamiento del espacio bajo este enfoque es flexible, refractario a los problemas de análisis de áreas pequeñas, contigüidades espaciales y cambios de la unidad espacial de análisis, al crear un macroespacio para fines analíticos ulteriores y estructurar el espacio más allá de las fronteras, estableciendo un marco contextual relativamente homogéneo y estable. Estas herramientas son fundamentales para la planificación y evaluación de intervenciones en salud pública y en general, para la gestión de políticas de salud(AU)

Use of hierarchical clustering techniques based on multivariate similarities and its advantages for correlation and explanation of health deterioration statistics was exemplified, as a useful tool for health research involving space. To identify multivariate contextual constructs in geographical units and relate them to health damage. A multivariate classification of the 169 municipalities by using unsupervised hierarchical cluster techniques. The analytical axes were demographic, economic and living conditions. Correlation and regression techniques with health damage indicators were also used. Four multivariate strata were characterized and their effective ordinal character was confirmed in relation to damage response in terms of morbidity and mortality in non communicable chronic diseases (7 out of 11 indicators) and of morbidity from communicable diseases (2 out of 8 indicators). PAMI indicators showed that they did not depend on the constructed strata. This methodology allowed identifying a useful contextual structure to explain the distribution of studied damage events and even those events which are not dependent on this contextual structure, since they have closed gaps by means of planned actions. According to this approach, space is addressed in a flexible way, refractory to problems existing in the analysis of small areas, spatial contiguities and changes in the analytical spatial unit. This is due to the creation of a macro space for further analytical purposes and to the structuring of space beyond frontiers, thus setting a relatively homogeneous and stable contextual frame. These tools are essential to plan and evaluate public health interventions, and for the health policy management in general(AU)

La clasificación multivariante de áreas geográficas como una alternativa útil a la investigación salubrista / Multivariate classification of geographic areas as a useful alternative for public health research

Se ejemplifica el uso de técnicas jerárquicas de aglomeración mediante similaridades multivariadas y su utilidad para correlacionar y explicar estadísticas de daño a la salud, como una herramienta útil a los propósitos de la investigación salubrista involucrando al espacio. Identificar constructos multivariantes contextuales en unidades geográficas y relacionarlos con daños a la salud. Se realizó una clasificación multivariante de los 169 municipios cubanos utilizando técnicas de conglomerados jerárquicos no supervisados. Los ejes analíticos fueron: demográfico, económico y condiciones de vida. Se utilizaron además técnicas de correlación y regresión con indicadores de daño. Se caracterizaron 4 estratos multivariados y se comprobó el efectivo carácter ordinal que presentan respecto a la respuesta de daño en relación con la morbilidad y mortalidad de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (7 de 11 indicadores), y morbilidad por enfermedades transmisibles (2 de 8 indicadores). Los indicadores del PAMI mostraron independencia de los estratos construidos. La metodología utilizada permite discernir una estructura contextual útil para explicar la distribución de eventos de daño estudiados y aún explicar aquellos que por haber cerrado brechas a través de las acciones de programas, resultan independientes de esa estructura contextual. El tratamiento del espacio bajo este enfoque es flexible, refractario a los problemas de análisis de áreas pequeñas, contigüidades espaciales y cambios de la unidad espacial de análisis, al crear un macroespacio para fines analíticos ulteriores y estructurar el espacio más allá de las fronteras, estableciendo un marco contextual relativamente homogéneo y estable. Estas herramientas son fundamentales para la planificación y evaluación de intervenciones en salud pública y en general, para la gestión de políticas de salud.

Use of hierarchical clustering techniques based on multivariate similarities and its advantages for correlation and explanation of health deterioration statistics was exemplified, as a useful tool for health research involving space. To identify multivariate contextual constructs in geographical units and relate them to health damage. A multivariate classification of the 169 municipalities by using unsupervised hierarchical cluster techniques. The analytical axes were demographic, economic and living conditions. Correlation and regression techniques with health damage indicators were also used. Four multivariate strata were characterized and their effective ordinal character was confirmed in relation to damage response in terms of morbidity and mortality in non communicable chronic diseases (7 out of 11 indicators) and of morbidity from communicable diseases (2 out of 8 indicators). PAMI indicators showed that they did not depend on the constructed strata. This methodology allowed identifying a useful contextual structure to explain the distribution of studied damage events and even those events which are not dependent on this contextual structure, since they have closed gaps by means of planned actions. According to this approach, space is addressed in a flexible way, refractory to problems existing in the analysis of small areas, spatial contiguities and changes in the analytical spatial unit. This is due to the creation of a macro space for further analytical purposes and to the structuring of space beyond frontiers, thus setting a relatively homogeneous and stable contextual frame. These tools are essential to plan and evaluate public health interventions, and for the health policy management in general.

Muertes violentas, Areas prioritarias de acción / Violent deaths. Action priority areas

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo y longitudinal con el propósito de caracterizar epidemiológicamente las muertes violentas y determinar las áreas prioritarias de acción por estas causas en Villa Clara, en el periodo comprendido entre 1993 y 2002. El universo lo constituyeron todos los fallecidos por muertes violentas en el decenio analizado. La información se obtuvo mediante la revisión documental de la base de datos de mortalidad del Departamento Provincial de Estadística de Salud. Se realizó la distribución espacial por municipio y se determinaron los estratos de riesgo, teniendo en cuenta las tasas de mortalidad y las tasas de años de vida potencialmente perdidos. Se observó que el riesgo de morir por estas causas fue mayor en el grupo de más de 64 años y en el sexo masculino, que la causa fundamental fueron los accidentes. Al identificar los estratos de riesgo, se determina que nueve de los municipios se encuentran en los estratos de alto riesgo, no solo por presentar altas tasas de mortalidad por estas causas, sino tambiém por el aporte a los años de vida potencialente perdidos, por lo que se consideran áreas prioritarias para la acción(AU)